nach oben

Skeletal Radiology

Erschienen in:

18.04.2023 | Review Article

The imaging of cervical spondylotic myeloradiculopathy

verfasst von: Susan Hesni, David Baxter, Asif Saifuddin

Erschienen in: Skeletal Radiology | Ausgabe 12/2023

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

This review provides a detailed description of the imaging features of cervical spondylotic myelopathy and radiculopathy, with a focus on MRI. Where relevant, we will outline grading systems of vertebral central canal and foraminal stenosis. Whilst post-operative appearances of the cervical spine are outside the scope of this paper, we will touch on imaging features recognised as predictors of clinical outcome and neurological recovery. This paper will serve as a reference for both radiologists and clinicians involved in the care of patients with cervical spondylotic myeloradiculopathy.

Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich

Daffner RH. Radiologic evaluation of chronic neck pain. Am Fam Physician. 2010;82(8):959–64 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20949890).PubMed

Kim C-H, Hwang JM, Park J-S, Han S, Park D. Predictability of severity of disc degeneration and disc protrusion using horizontal displacement of cervical dynamic radiographs. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(25):e11098 (Available from: https://journals.lww.com/00005792-201806220-00035).PubMedCrossRef

Malcolm GP. Surgical disorders of the cervical spine: presentation and management of common disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73(Suppl 1):i34-41 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12185260).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Yi JS, Cha JG, Han JK, Kim H-J. Imaging of herniated discs of the cervical spine: inter-modality differences between 64-slice multidetector CT and 1.5-T MRI. Korean J Radiol. 2015;16(4):881–8 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26175589).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Green C, Butler J, Eustace S, Poynton A, O’Byrne JM. Imaging modalities for cervical spondylotic stenosis and myelopathy. Adv Orthop. 2012;2012:1–4 (Available from: http://www.hindawi.com/journals/aorth/2012/908324/).CrossRef

Waly FJ, Abduljabbar FH, Fortin M, Nooh A, Weber M. Preoperative computed tomography myelography parameters as predictors of outcome in patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy: results of a systematic review. Glob spine J. 2017;7(6):521–8 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28894681).CrossRef

Abdulkarim JA, Dhingsa RL, Finlay DB. Magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine: frequency of degenerative changes in the intervertebral disc with relation to age. Clin Radiol. 2003;58(12):980–4 (Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0009926003002551).PubMedCrossRef

Talekar K, Poplawski M, Hegde R, Cox M, Flanders A. Imaging of spinal cord injury: acute cervical spinal cord injury, cervical spondylotic myelopathy, and cord herniation. Semin Ultrasound, CT MRI. 2016;37(5):431–47 (Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0887217116300269).CrossRef

Pessini Ferreira LM, Auger C, Kortazar Zubizarreta I, Gonzalez Chinchon G, Herrera I, Pla A, et al. MRI findings in cervical spondylotic myelopathy with gadolinium enhancement: review of seven cases. BJR Case Rep. 2021;7(2):20200133 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33841903).PubMedPubMedCentral

10.

Steilen D, Hauser R, Woldin B, Sawyer S. Chronic neck pain: making the connection between capsular ligament laxity and cervical instability. Open Orthop J. 2014;8:326–45 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25328557).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

11.

Fakhoury J, Dowling TJ. Cervical degenerative disc disease. StatPearls Publishing; 2022. (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32809607).

12.

Nouri A, Martin AR, Mikulis D, Fehlings MG. Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of degenerative cervical myelopathy: a review of structural changes and measurement techniques. Neurosurg Focus. 2016;40(6):E5 (Available from: https://thejns.org/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/40/6/article-pE5.xml).PubMedCrossRef

13.

Kushchayev SV, Glushko T, Jarraya M, Schuleri KH, Preul MC, Brooks ML, et al. ABCs of the degenerative spine. Insights Imaging. 2018;9(2):253–74 (Available from: https://insightsimaging.springeropen.com/articles/10.1007/s13244-017-0584-z).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

14.

Patel PD, Arutyunyan G, Plusch K, Vaccaro A Jr, Vaccaro AR. A review of cervical spine alignment in the normal and degenerative spine. J spine Surg (Hong Kong). 2020;6(1):106–23 (Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32309650).CrossRef

15.

Bakhsheshian J, Mehta VA, Liu JC. Current diagnosis and management of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Glob spine J. 2017;7(6):572–86 (Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28894688).CrossRef

16.

Alizada M, Li RR, Hayatullah G. Cervical instability in cervical spondylosis patients : significance of the radiographic index method for evaluation TT - Zervikale Instabilität bei Patienten mit Zervikalspondylose : Bedeutung der radiographischen Indexmethode für die Evaluierung. Orthopade. 2018;47(12):977–85 (Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30255359).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

17.

Toledano M, Bartleson JD. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Neurol Clin. 2013;31(1):287–305.PubMedCrossRef

18.

Strine TW, Hootman JM. US national prevalence and correlates of low back and neck pain among adults. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;57(4):656–65 (Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.22684).PubMedCrossRef

19.

Binder AI. Cervical spondylosis and neck pain. BMJ. 2007;334(7592):527–31 (Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17347239).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

20.

Young WF. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a common cause of spinal cord dysfunction in older persons. Am Fam Physician. 2000;62(5):1064–70 (1073. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10997531).PubMed

21.

Wang C, Tian F, Zhou Y, He W, Cai Z. The incidence of cervical spondylosis decreases with aging in the elderly, and increases with aging in the young and adult population: a hospital-based clinical analysis. Clin Interv Aging. 2016;11:47–53 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26834465).PubMedPubMedCentral

22.

Abdalkader M, Guermazi A, Engebretsen L, Roemer FW, Jarraya M, Hayashi D, et al. MRI-detected spinal disc degenerative changes in athletes participating in the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Summer Olympics games. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020;21(1):45 (Available from: https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-020-3057-3).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

23.

Jiang S-D, Jiang L-S, Dai L-Y. Degenerative cervical spondylolisthesis: a systematic review. Int Orthop. 2011;35(6):869–75 (Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00264-010-1203-5).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

24.

de Oliveira Vilaça C, Orsini M, Leite MAA, de Freitas MRG, Davidovich E, Fiorelli R, et al. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: what the neurologist should know. Neurol Int. 2016;8(4):6330 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27994827).PubMedPubMedCentral

25.

Lannon M, Kachur E. Degenerative cervical myelopathy: clinical presentation, assessment, and natural history. J Clin Med. 2021;10(16):3626 (Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/16/3626).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

26.

Ellingson BM, Salamon N, Holly LT. Advances in MR imaging for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Eur Spine J. 2015;24(Suppl 2):197–208 (Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23917647).PubMedCrossRef

27.

Lebl DR, Hughes A, Cammisa FP, O’Leary PF. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment. HSS J ®. 2011;7(2):170–8 (Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1007/s11420-011-9208-1).PubMedCrossRef

28.

Jha SC, Miyazaki M, Tsumura H. Kinetic change of spinal cord compression on flexion-extension magnetic resonance imaging in cervical spine. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2018;174:86–91 (Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0303846718303792).PubMedCrossRef

29.

Zeitoun D, El Hajj F, Sariali E, Catonné Y, Pascal-Moussellard H. Evaluation of spinal cord compression and hyperintense intramedullary lesions on T2-weighted sequences in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy using flexion-extension MRI protocol. Spine J. 2015;15(4):668–74 (Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1529943014017719).PubMedCrossRef

30.

Zeng C, Xiong J, Wang JC, Inoue H, Tan Y, Tian H, et al. The evaluation and observation of “hidden” hypertrophy of cervical ligamentum flavum, cervical canal, and related factors using kinetic magnetic resonance imaging. Glob spine J. 2016;6(2):155–63.CrossRef

31.

Sayıt E, Aghdasi B, Daubs MD, Wang JC. The occupancy of the components in the cervical spine and their changes with extension and flexion. Glob Spine J. 2015;5(5):396–405 (Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1055/s-0035-1550089).CrossRef

32.

Lao L, Zhong G, Li Q, Liu Z. Kinetic magnetic resonance imaging analysis of spinal degeneration: a systematic review. Orthop Surg. 2014;6(4):294–9 (Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/os.12137).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

33.

Xu N, Wang S, Yuan H, Liu X, Liu Z. Does dynamic supine magnetic resonance imaging improve the diagnostic accuracy of cervical spondylotic myelopathy? A review of the current evidence. World Neurosurg. 2017;100:474–9 (Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1878875017300700).PubMedCrossRef

34.

Xu N, Zhang Y, Zhou G, Zhao Q, Wang S. The value of dynamic MRI in the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a protocol for a prospective randomized clinical trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020;21(1):83 (Available from: https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-020-3106-y).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

35.

Ulbrich EJ, Schraner C, Boesch C, Hodler J, Busato A, Anderson SE, et al. Normative MR cervical spinal canal dimensions. Radiology. 2014;271(1):172–82 (Available from: http://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.13120370).PubMedCrossRef

36.

Murakami K, Nagata K, Hashizume H, Oka H, Muraki S, Ishimoto Y, et al. Prevalence of cervical anterior and posterior spondylolisthesis and its association with degenerative cervical myelopathy in a general population. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):104 (Available from: http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-67239-4).CrossRef

37.

Bajwa NS, Toy JO, Young EY, Ahn NU. Establishment of parameters for congenital stenosis of the cervical spine: an anatomic descriptive analysis of 1,066 cadaveric specimens. Eur Spine J. 2012;21(12):2467–74 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22829425).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

38.

Morishita Y, Naito M, Hymanson H, Miyazaki M, Wu G, Wang JC. The relationship between the cervical spinal canal diameter and the pathological changes in the cervical spine. Eur Spine J. 2009;18(6):877–83 (Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00586-009-0968-y).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

39.

Nouri A, Tetreault L, Nori S, Martin AR, Nater A, Fehlings MG. Congenital cervical spine stenosis in a multicenter global cohort of patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy: an ambispective report based on a magnetic resonance imaging diagnostic criterion. Neurosurgery. 2018;83(3):521–8 (Available from: https://journals.lww.com/00006123-201809000-00025).PubMedCrossRef

40.

Yue W-M, Tan S-B, Tan M-H, Chi-Siong-Koh D, Tan C-T. The Torg-Pavlov ratio in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2001;26(16):1760–4 (Available from: http://journals.lww.com/00007632-200108150-00006).PubMedCrossRef

41.

Suk K-S, Kim K-T, Lee J-H, Lee S-H, Kim J-S, Kim J-Y. Reevaluation of the Pavlov ratio in patients with cervical myelopathy. Clin Orthop Surg. 2009;1(1):6 (Available from: https://ecios.org/DOIx.php?id=10.4055/cios.2009.1.1.6).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

42.

Prasad SS, O’Malley M, Caplan M, Shackleford IM, Pydisetty RK. MRI measurements of the cervical spine and their correlation to Pavlov’s ratio. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003;28(12):1263–8 (Available from: http://journals.lww.com/00007632-200306150-00009).PubMedCrossRef

43.

Kessler JT. Congenital narrowing of the cervical spinal canal. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1975;38(12):1218–24 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1219087).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

44.

Stratford J. Congenital cervical spinal stenosis a factor in myelopathy. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1978;41(1–3):101–6 (Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF01809140).PubMedCrossRef

45.

Zileli M, Borkar SA, Sinha S, Reinas R, Alves ÓL, Kim S-H, et al. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: natural course and the value of diagnostic techniques –WFNS Spine Committee Recommendations. Neurospine. 2019;16(3):386–402 (Available from: http://e-neurospine.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.14245/ns.1938240.120).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

46.

Kang Y, Lee JW, Koh YH, Hur S, Kim SJ, Chai JW, et al. New MRI grading system for the cervical canal stenosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;197(1):W134–40.PubMedCrossRef

47.

Waheed H, Khan MS, Muneeb A, Jahanzeb S, Ahmad MN. Radiologic assessment of cervical canal stenosis using Kang MRI Grading System: do clinical symptoms correlate with imaging findings? Cureus. 2019;11(7):e5073–e5073 (Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31511807).PubMedPubMedCentral

48.

Jiang S-D, Jiang L-S, Dai L-Y. Degenerative cervical spondylolisthesis: a systematic review. Int Orthop. 2011;35(6):869–75 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21264670).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

49.

Lee C, Woodring JH, Rogers LF, Kim KS. The radiographic distinction of degenerative slippage (spondylolisthesis and retrolisthesis) from traumatic slippage of the cervical spine. Skeletal Radiol. 1986;15(6):439–43 (Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00355101).PubMedCrossRef

50.

Dean CL, Gabriel JP, Cassinelli EH, Bolesta MJ, Bohlman HH. Degenerative spondylolisthesis of the cervical spine: analysis of 58 patients treated with anterior cervical decompression and fusion. Spine J. 2009;9(6):439–46 (Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1529943008014332).PubMedCrossRef

51.

Kawasaki M, Tani T, Ushida T, Ishida K. Anterolisthesis and retrolisthesis of the cervical spine in cervical spondylotic myelopathy in the elderly. J Orthop Sci. 2007;12(3):207–13 (Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0949265815323988).PubMedCrossRef

52.

Alvarez AP, Anderson A, Farhan S-D, Lu Y, Lee Y-P, Oh M, et al. The utility of flexion-extension radiographs in degenerative cervical spondylolisthesis. Clin Spine Surg. 2022;35(7):319–22 (Available from: https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/BSD.0000000000001307).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

53.

Tani T, Kawasaki M, Taniguchi S, Ushida T. Functional importance of degenerative spondylolisthesis in cervical spondylotic myelopathy in the elderly. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003;28(11):1128–34 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12782980).PubMedCrossRef

54.

Gondar R, Nouri A, Jannelli G, Schaller K, Tessitore E. Does spondylolisthesis affect severity and outcome of degenerative cervical myelopathy? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Glob spine J. 2021;11(7):1134–41 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33063537).CrossRef

55.

Gondar R, Nouri A, Jannelli G, Schaller K, Tessitore E. Does spondylolisthesis affect severity and outcome of degenerative cervical myelopathy? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Glob Spine J. 2021;11(7):1134–41 (Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2192568220960452).CrossRef

56.

Bajamal AH, Kim S-H, Arifianto MR, Faris M, Subagio EA, Roitberg B, et al. Posterior surgical techniques for cervical spondylotic myelopathy: WFNS spine committee recommendations. Neurospine. 2019;16(3):421–34 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31607074).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

57.

Yalamanchili PK, Vives MJ, Chaudhary SB. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: factors in choosing the surgical approach. Adv Orthop. 2012;2012:1–6 (Available from: http://www.hindawi.com/journals/aorth/2012/783762/).CrossRef

58.

Kim SW, Jang SB, Lee HM, Lee JH, Lee MU, Kim JW, et al. Analysis of cervical spine alignment and its relationship with other spinopelvic parameters after laminoplasty in patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy. J Clin Med. 2020;9(3):713 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32151098).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

59.

Shamji MF, Mohanty C, Massicotte EM, Fehlings MG. The association of cervical spine alignment with neurologic recovery in a prospective cohort of patients with surgical myelopathy: analysis of a series of 124 cases. World Neurosurg. 2016;86:112–9 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26409089).PubMedCrossRef

60.

Jeong H-W, Yi J, Lee S, Park S, Kang KN, Lee J, et al. Prognostic value of cervical ligamentum flavum thickness as a morphological parameter to predict cervical stenosis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(34):e27084–e27084 (Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34449510).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

61.

Abiola R, Rubery P, Mesfin A. Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: etiology, diagnosis, and outcomes of nonoperative and operative management. Glob spine J. 2016;6(2):195–204.CrossRef

62.

Tetreault L, Nakashima H, Kato S, Kryshtalskyj M, Nagoshi N, Nouri A, et al. A systematic review of classification systems for cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Glob spine J. 2019;9(1):85–103 (Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30775213).CrossRef

63.

Ikegawa S. Genetics of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine: a mini review. J Bone Metab. 2014;21(2):127 (Available from: https://synapse.koreamed.org/DOIx.php?id=10.11005/jbm.2014.21.2.127).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

64.

Matsunaga S, Sakou T. OPLL: disease entity, incidence, literature search, and prognosis. In: OPLL. Tokyo: Springer Japan; 2006. p. 11–7 (Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-4-431-32563-5_3).CrossRef

65.

Izumi T, Hirano T, Watanabe K, Sano A, Ito T, Endo N. Three-dimensional evaluation of volume change in ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine using computed tomography. Eur Spine J. 2013;22(11):2569–74 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24000076).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

66.

Wang H, Zou F, Jiang J, Lu F, Chen W, Ma X, et al. The correlation between ossification of the nuchal ligament and pathological changes of the cervical spine in patients with cervical spondylosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014;39(26):B7-11 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25504097).PubMedCrossRef

67.

Eubanks JD. Cervical radiculopathy: nonoperative management of neck pain and radicular symptoms. Am Fam Physician. 2010;81(1):33–40 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20052961).PubMed

68.

Caridi JM, Pumberger M, Hughes AP. Cervical radiculopathy: a review. HSS J. 2011;7(3):265–72 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23024624).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

69.

Taso M, Sommernes JH, Kolstad F, Sundseth J, Bjorland S, Pripp AH, et al. A randomised controlled trial comparing the effectiveness of surgical and nonsurgical treatment for cervical radiculopathy. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020;21(1):171 (Available from: https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-020-3188-6).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

70.

Iyer S, Kim HJ. Cervical radiculopathy. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2016;9(3):272–80 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27250042).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

71.

Rhee JM, Yoon T, Riew KD. Cervical radiculopathy. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2007;15(8):486–94 (Available from: http://journals.lww.com/00124635-200708000-00005).PubMedCrossRef

72.

Nicotra A, Khalil NM, O’Neill K. Cervical radiculopathy: discrepancy or concordance between electromyography and magnetic resonance imaging? Br J Neurosurg. 2011;25(6):789–90 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21899381).PubMedCrossRef

73.

Schroeder GD, Suleiman LI, Chioffe MA, Mangan JJ, McKenzie JC, Kepler CK, et al. The effect of oblique magnetic resonance imaging on surgical decision making for patients undergoing an anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for cervical radiculopathy. Int J spine Surg. 2019;13(3):302–7 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31328096).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

74.

Park MS, Moon S-H, Lee H-M, Kim T-H, Oh JK, Lee SY, et al. Diagnostic value of oblique magnetic resonance images for evaluating cervical foraminal stenosis. Spine J. 2015;15(4):607–11 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25452016).PubMedCrossRef

75.

Oshina M, Oshima Y, Tanaka S, Tan LA, Li XJ, Tuchman A, et al. Utility of oblique sagittal reformatted and three-dimensional surface reconstruction computed tomography in foraminal stenosis decompression. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):16011 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30375504).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

76.

Schell A, Rhee JM, Holbrook J, Lenehan E, Park KY. Assessing foraminal stenosis in the cervical spine: a comparison of three-dimensional computed tomographic surface reconstruction to two-dimensional modalities. Glob spine J. 2017;7(3):266–71 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28660110).CrossRef

77.

Demondion X, Lefebvre G, Fisch O, Vandenbussche L, Cepparo J, Balbi V. Radiographic anatomy of the intervertebral cervical and lumbar foramina (vessels and variants). Diagn Interv Imaging. 2012;93(9):690–7 (Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211568412002811).PubMedCrossRef

78.

Park H-J, Kim SS, Lee S-Y, Park N-H, Chung E-C, Rho M-H, et al. A practical MRI grading system for cervical foraminal stenosis based on oblique sagittal images. Br J Radiol. 2013;86(1025):20120515 (Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23410800).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

79.

Park HJ, Kim SS, Han CH, Lee SY, Chung EC, Kim MS, et al. The clinical correlation of a new practical MRI method for grading cervical neural foraminal stenosis based on oblique sagittal images. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;203(2):412–7.PubMedCrossRef

80.

Kim S, Lee JW, Chai JW, Yoo HJ, Kang Y, Seo J, et al. A new MRI grading system for cervical foraminal stenosis based on axial T2-weighted images. Korean J Radiol. 2015;16(6):1294–302.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

81.

Lee KH, Park HJ, Lee SY, Chung EC, Rho MH, Shin H, et al. Comparison of two MR grading systems for correlation between grade of cervical neural foraminal stenosis and clinical manifestations. Br J Radiol. 2016;89(1062):20150971 (Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27007709).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

82.

Meacock J, Schramm M, Selvanathan S, Currie S, Stocken D, Jayne D, et al. Systematic review of radiological cervical foraminal grading systems. Neuroradiology. 2021;63(3):305–16.PubMedCrossRef

83.

Engel G, Bender YY, Adams LC, Boker SM, Fahlenkamp UL, Wagner M, et al. Evaluation of osseous cervical foraminal stenosis in spinal radiculopathy using susceptibility-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol. 2019;29(4):1855–62 (Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00330-018-5769-4).PubMedCrossRef

84.

Argentieri EC, Koff MF, Breighner RE, Endo Y, Shah PH, Sneag DB. Diagnostic accuracy of zero-echo time MRI for the evaluation of cervical neural foraminal stenosis. Spine. 2018;43(13):928–33 (Available from: https://journals.lww.com/00007632-201807010-00016).PubMedCrossRef

85.

Lukies MW, Teoh WW, Clements W. Safety of CT-guided cervical nerve root corticosteroid injections. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2019;63(3):300–6 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30859711).PubMedCrossRef

86.

Desai A, Saha S, Sharma N, Huckerby L, Houghton R. The short- and medium-term effectiveness of CT-guided selective cervical nerve root injection for pain and disability. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(7):973–8 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24615407).PubMedCrossRef

87.

Kumaresan S, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Maiman DJ, Goel VK. Contribution of disc degeneration to osteophyte formation in the cervical spine: a biomechanical investigation. J Orthop Res. 2001;19(5):977–84 (Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1016/S0736-0266%2801%2900010-9).PubMedCrossRef

88.

Papadopoulou S, Exarchakos G, Beris A, Ploumis A. Dysphagia associated with cervical spine and postural disorders. Dysphagia. 2013;28(4):469–80 (Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00455-013-9484-7).PubMedCrossRef

89.

Yousem DM. Point: Don’t call me a doc! Am J Neuroradiol. 2016;37(12):2180LP – 2180 (Available from: http://www.ajnr.org/content/37/12/2180.abstract).CrossRef

90.

Ross JS, editor. Counterpoint: appropriately ambiguous—the disc osteophyte complex. Am J Neuroradiol. 2016;37(12):2181–2181 (Available from: http://www.ajnr.org/content/37/12/2181.abstract).CrossRef

91.

Sengupta DK, Kirollos R, Findlay GF, Smith ET, Pearson JCG, Pigott T. The value of MR imaging in differentiating between hard and soft cervical disc disease: a comparison with intraoperative findings. Eur Spine J. 1999;8(3):199–204 (Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s005860050157).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

92.

Bender YY-N, Diederichs G, Walter TC, Wagner M, Liebig T, Rickert M, et al. Differentiation of osteophytes and disc herniations in spinal radiculopathy using susceptibility-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Invest Radiol. 2017;52(2):75–80.PubMedCrossRef

93.

Ashana AO, Cohen JR, Evans B, Holly LT. Regression of anterior disk-osteophyte complex following cervical laminectomy and fusion for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Clin spine Surg. 2017;30(5):E609-14 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28525486).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

94.

Mochida K, Komori H, Okawa A, Muneta T, Haro H, Shinomiya K. Regression of cervical disc herniation observed on magnetic resonance images. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1998;23(9):990–5 (Available from: http://journals.lww.com/00007632-199805010-00005).PubMedCrossRef

95.

Turk O, Yaldiz C. Spontaneous regression of cervical discs. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(7):e14521 (Available from: https://journals.lww.com/00005792-201902150-00068).PubMedCrossRef

96.

Rahimizadeh A, Hassani V, Asgari N, Hamidifard M. Spontaneous regression of the sequestrated cervical discs: a prospective study of 70 cases. J Spine Neurosurg. 2018;07(01):e14521 (Available from: https://www.scitechnol.com/peer-review/spontaneous-regression-of-the-sequestrated-cervical-discs-a-prospective-study-of-70-cases-a7ms.php?article_id=7264).CrossRef

97.

Sharma AK, Gandhoke CS, Syal SK. Spontaneous regression of herniated cervical disc: a case report and literature review. Surg Neurol Int. 2021;12:141 (Available from: http://surgicalneurologyint.com/surgicalint-articles/spontaneous-regression-of-herniated-cervical-disc-a-case-report-and-literature-review/).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

98.

Rahimizadeh A, Hamidifard A SR. Spontaneous regression of the sequestrated cervical discs: a prospective study of 26 cases and review of the literature. World Spinal Column J. 2013;4:32–41.

99.

Autio RA, Karppinen J, Niinimäki J, Ojala R, Kurunlahti M, Haapea M, et al. Determinants of spontaneous resorption of intervertebral disc herniations. Spine. 2006;31(11):1247–52 (Available from: http://journals.lww.com/00007632-200605150-00012).PubMedCrossRef

100.

Kobayashi N, Asamoto S, Doi H, Ikeda Y, Matusmoto K. Spontaneous regression of herniated cervical disc. Spine J. 2003;3(2):171–3 (Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1529943002005569).PubMedCrossRef

101.

Mummaneni PV, Kaiser MG, Matz PG, Anderson PA, Groff M, Heary R, et al. Preoperative patient selection with magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and electroencephalography: does the test predict outcome after cervical surgery? J Neurosurg Spine SPI. 2009;11(2):119–29 (Available from: https://thejns.org/spine/view/journals/j-neurosurg-spine/11/2/article-p119.xml).CrossRef

102.

Chen H, Pan J, Nisar M, Zeng HB, Dai LF, Lou C, et al. The value of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging in predicting postoperative recovery in patients with cervical spondylosis myelopathy: a meta-analysis. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2016;71(3):179–84 (Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27074180).PubMedCrossRef

103.

Chikhale CB, Khurjekar KS, Shyam AK, Sancheti PK. Correlation between preoperative magnetic resonance imaging signal intensity changes and clinical outcomes in patients surgically treated for cervical myeloradiculopathy. Asian Spine J. 2017;11(2):174–80 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28443160).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

104.

Suri A, Chabbra RPS, Mehta VS, Gaikwad S, Pandey RM. Effect of intramedullary signal changes on the surgical outcome of patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine J. 2003;3(1):33–45 (Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1529943002004485).PubMedCrossRef

105.

Mastronardi L, Elsawaf A, Roperto R, Bozzao A, Caroli M, Ferrante M, et al. Prognostic relevance of the postoperative evolution of intramedullary spinal cord changes in signal intensity on magnetic resonance imaging after anterior decompression for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Neurosurg Spine. 2007;7(6):615–22 (Available from: https://thejns.org/view/journals/j-neurosurg-spine/7/6/article-p615.xml).PubMedCrossRef

106.

Yagi M, Ninomiya K, Kihara M, Horiuchi Y. Long-term surgical outcome and risk factors in patients with cervical myelopathy and a change in signal intensity of intramedullary spinal cord on magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosurg Spine. 2010;12(1):59–65 (Available from: https://thejns.org/view/journals/j-neurosurg-spine/12/1/article-p59.xml).PubMedCrossRef

107.

Ramanauskas WL, Wilner HI, Metes JJ, Lazo A, Kelly JK. MR imaging of compressive myelomalacia. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1989;13(3):399–404 (Available from: http://journals.lww.com/00004728-198905000-00005).PubMedCrossRef

108.

Mizuno J, Nakagawa H, Inoue T, Hashizume Y. Clinicopathological study of “snake-eye appearance” in compressive myelopathy of the cervical spinal cord. J Neurosurg Spine. 2003;99(2):162–8 (Available from: https://thejns.org/view/journals/j-neurosurg-spine/99/2/article-p162.xml).CrossRef

109.

Flanagan EP, Krecke KN, Marsh RW, Giannini C, Keegan BM, Weinshenker BG. Specific pattern of gadolinium enhancement in spondylotic myelopathy. Ann Neurol. 2014;76(1):54–65.PubMedCrossRef

110.

Ozawa H, Sato T, Hyodo H, Ishii Y, Morozumi N, Koizumi Y, et al. Clinical significance of intramedullary Gd-DTPA enhancement in cervical myelopathy. Spinal Cord. 2010;48(5):415–22 (Available from: http://www.nature.com/articles/sc2009152).PubMedCrossRef

111.

Wang Y, Newsome SD. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy mimicking transverse myelitis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019;31:131–3 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30986646).PubMedCrossRef

112.

Gembruch O, Jabbarli R, Rashidi A, Chihi M, Hetze S, Barthel L, et al. Surgery for degenerative cervical myelopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2021;46(5):294–9 (Available from: https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/BRS.0000000000003750).PubMedCrossRef

113.

Ellingson BM, Woodworth DC, Leu K, Salamon N, Holly LT. Spinal cord perfusion MR imaging implicates both ischemia and hypoxia in the pathogenesis of cervical spondylosis. World Neurosurg. 2019;128:e773–81.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

114.

Shabani S, Kaushal M, Budde MD, Wang MC, Kurpad SN. Diffusion tensor imaging in cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a review. J Neurosurg Spine. 2020:1–8. https://doi.org/10.3171/2019.12.SPINE191158.

115.

Guan X, Fan G, Wu X, Gu G, Gu X, Zhang H, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging studies of cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a systemic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(2):e0117707 (Available from: https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117707).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

116.

Rindler RS, Chokshi FH, Malcolm JG, Eshraghi SR, Mossa-Basha M, Chu JK, et al. Spinal diffusion tensor imaging in evaluation of preoperative and postoperative severity of cervical spondylotic myelopathy: systematic review of literature. World Neurosurg. 2017;99:150–8 (Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1878875016313006).PubMedCrossRef

117.

Zhang C, Das SK, Yang D-J, Yang H-F. Application of magnetic resonance imaging in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. World J Radiol. 2014;6(10):826–32 (Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25349665).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

118.

Uda T, Takami T, Tsuyuguchi N, Sakamoto S, Yamagata T, Ikeda H, et al. Assessment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging parameter at 3.0 tesla. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013;38(5):407–14 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22914703).PubMedCrossRef

119.

Ellingson BM, Salamon N, Woodworth DC, Holly LT. Correlation between degree of subvoxel spinal cord compression measured with super-resolution tract density imaging and neurological impairment in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Neurosurg Spine. 2015;22(6):631–8 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25746116).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

120.

Baucher G, Rasoanandrianina H, Levy S, Pini L, Troude L, Roche P-H, et al. T1 mapping for microstructural assessment of the cervical spinal cord in the evaluation of patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy. Am J Neuroradiol. 2021;42(7):1348–57 (Available from: http://www.ajnr.org/lookup/doi/10.3174/ajnr.A7157).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

121.

Nischal N, Tripathi S, Singh JP. Quantitative evaluation of the diffusion tensor imaging matrix parameters and the subsequent correlation with the clinical assessment of disease severity in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Asian Spine J. 2021;15(6):808–16 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33189108).PubMedCrossRef

122.

Merali Z, Wang JZ, Badhiwala JH, Witiw CD, Wilson JR, Fehlings MG. A deep learning model for detection of cervical spinal cord compression in MRI scans. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):10473 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34006910).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

123.

Genez BM, Willis JJ, Lowrey CE, Lauerman WC, Woodruff W, Diaz MJ, et al. CT findings of degenerative arthritis of the atlantoodontoid joint. Am J Roentgenol. 1990;154(2):315–8 (Available from: http://www.ajronline.org/doi/10.2214/ajr.154.2.2105022).CrossRef

124.

Eren S, Kantarci M, Deniz O. Atlantodental osteoarthritis as a cause of upper cervical myelopathy: a case report. Eurasian J Med. 2008;40(3):137–9 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25610048).PubMedPubMedCentral

125.

Baqai MWS, Javed G, Baig MZ. Ossification of the cruciform ligament of atlas; a rare cause of cervical myelopathy: case report and review of literature. Asian J Neurosurg. 2019;14(3):999–1003 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31497151).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

126.

Schaeren S, Jeanneret B. Atlantoaxial osteoarthritis: case series and review of the literature. Eur Spine J. 2005;14(5):501–6 (Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00586-004-0856-4).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

127.

Aprill C, Axinn M, Bogduk N. Occipital headaches stemming from the lateral atlanto-axial (C1–2) joint. Cephalalgia. 2002;22(1):15–22 (Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1046/j.1468-2982.2002.00293.x).PubMedCrossRef

128.

Buraimoh MA, Massie LW, Montgomery DM. Lateral atlantoaxial osteoarthritis: a narrative literature review. Clin spine Surg. 2017;30(10):433–8.PubMedCrossRef

129.

Elliott RE, Tanweer O, Smith ML, Frempong-Boadu A. Outcomes of fusion for lateral atlantoaxial osteoarthritis: meta-analysis and review of literature. World Neurosurg. 2013;80(6):e337–46.PubMedCrossRef

130.

Hsu Y-H, Huang W-C, Liou K-D, Shih Y-H, Lee L-S, Cheng H. Cervical spinal stenosis and myelopathy due to atlas hypoplasia. J Chinese Med Assoc. 2007;70(8):339–44 (Available from: https://journals.lww.com/02118582-200708000-00006).CrossRef

131.

Pereira Duarte M, Camino Willhuber G, Petracchi M, Gruenberg M, Sola CA. Symptomatic atlas hypoplasia in a Latin-American patient: case report and literature review. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2021;5(5):e21.00041 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33945518).PubMedPubMedCentral

132.

Bhagavathula Venkata SS, Arimappamagan A, Lafazanos S, Pruthi N. Syringomyelia secondary to cervical spondylosis: case report and review of literature. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2014;5(Suppl 1):S78-82 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25540552).PubMedPubMedCentral

133.

Athanasiou A, Magras I. Syringomyelia resolution after anterior cervical discectomy: a case report and literature review. Surg Neurol Int. 2019;10:42 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31528380).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

134.

Landi A, Nigro L, Marotta N, Mancarella C, Donnarumma P, Delfini R. Syringomyelia associated with cervical spondylosis: a rare condition. World J Clin cases. 2013;1(3):111–5 (Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24303479).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

135.

Nishikawa H, Miya F, Kitano Y, Mori G, Shimizu S, Suzuki H. Positional occlusion of vertebral artery due to cervical spondylosis as rare cause of wake-up stroke: report of two cases. World Neurosurg. 2017;98:877.e13-877.e21.PubMedCrossRef

Titel: The imaging of cervical spondylotic myeloradiculopathy
verfasst von: Susan Hesni
David Baxter
Asif Saifuddin
Publikationsdatum: 18.04.2023
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in: Skeletal Radiology / Ausgabe 12/2023
Print ISSN: 0364-2348
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-2161
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-023-04329-0

Update Radiologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

The imaging of cervical spondylotic myeloradiculopathy

Abstract

Neu im Fachgebiet Radiologie

Mammakarzinom: Brustdichte beeinflusst rezidivfreies Überleben

„Übersichtlicher Wegweiser“: Lauterbachs umstrittener Klinik-Atlas ist online

Klinikreform soll zehntausende Menschenleben retten

Darf man die Behandlung eines Neonazis ablehnen?

Update Radiologie

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 12/2023

Re-evaluating the role of AI in scientific writing: a critical analysis on ChatGPT

ChatGPT-generated articles and human-written articles: correspondence

Answer: Multiple lesions of the skull in a 30-month-old girl

The value of integration of bone scan and targeted SPECT/CT in diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism with multiple bone brown tumor

Diagnostic performance of deep learning–based reconstruction algorithm in 3D MR neurography

Authors’ response to the Letter to the Editor

Neu im Fachgebiet Radiologie

Mammakarzinom: Brustdichte beeinflusst rezidivfreies Überleben

„Übersichtlicher Wegweiser“: Lauterbachs umstrittener Klinik-Atlas ist online

Klinikreform soll zehntausende Menschenleben retten

Darf man die Behandlung eines Neonazis ablehnen?

Update Radiologie