nach oben

Clinical Neuroradiology

Erschienen in:

21.01.2022 | Review Article

Navigating the Parotid Glands: Anatomy, Imaging Work-up and Next Steps

verfasst von: Ryan McGeary, Patricia A. Rhyner, Amit B. Desai, Alok A. Bhatt

Erschienen in: Clinical Neuroradiology | Ausgabe 3/2022

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Evaluation of lesions affecting the parotid gland is often challenging to both clinicians and radiologists. This article reviews parotid anatomy and function, as it relates to various lesions that may occur within the gland. Key morphlogic features of lesions are discussed with an emphasis on those that warrant biopsy and those that do not need biopsy. Various biopsy methods using ultrasound and computed tomography are reviewed.

Harnsberger HR, Osborn AG, Ross J, Macdonald AJ. Diagnostic and surgical imaging anatomy: brain, head & neck, spine. Salt Lake City: Amirsys, 2006;I:224–43. II:126–181.

Kochhar A, Larian B, Azizzadeh B. Facial Nerve and Parotid Gland Anatomy. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2016;49:273–84.

Micucci SB, Cheng SS, Song T, Rasgon B. The Role of the Parotid-Mastoid Fascia in Identification of the Facial Nerve Trunk During Parotidectomy. Ear Nose Throat J. 2021;100:504–8.

Chason H, Downs B. Anatomy, head and neck, parotid gland. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing; 2021.

Jayamma C, Geetha D. A study on structural variations of the parotid glands. Int J Res Med Sci. 2017;3:3790–4.

van Holten MJ, Roesink JM, Terhaard CH, Braam PM. New insights in the vascular supply of the human parotid gland - consequences for parotid gland-sparing irradiation. Head Neck. 2010;32:837–43.PubMed

Atkinson C, Fuller J 3rd, Huang B. Cross-Sectional Imaging Techniques and Normal Anatomy of the Salivary Glands. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2018;28:137–58.CrossRef

Greenberg JS, Breiner MJ. Anatomy, head and neck, auriculotemporal nerve. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing; 2021.

Schmalfuss IM, Tart RP, Mukherji S, Mancuso AA. Perineural tumor spread along the auriculotemporal nerve. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2002;23:303–11.PubMedPubMedCentral

10.

Shimizu M, Ussmüller J, Hartwein J, Donath K, Kinukawa N. Statistical study for sonographic differential diagnosis of tumorous lesions in the parotid gland. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1999;88:226–33.CrossRef

11.

Christe A, Waldherr C, Hallett R, Zbaeren P, Thoeny H. MR imaging of parotid tumors: typical lesion characteristics in MR imaging improve discrimination between benign and malignant disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011;32:1202–7.CrossRef

12.

Cicero G, D’angelo T, Racchiusa S, Salamone I, Visalli C, Bottari A, Blandino A, Mazziotti S. Cross-sectional Imaging of Parotid Gland Nodules: A Brief Practical Guide. J Clin Imaging Sci. 2018;8:14.CrossRef

13.

Kashiwagi N, Dote K, Kawano K, Tomita Y, Murakami T, Nakanishi K, Araki Y, Mori K, Tomiyama N. MRI findings of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland: correlation with pathological features. Br J Radiol. 2012;85:709–13.CrossRef

14.

Kinoshita T, Ishii K, Naganuma H, Okitsu T. MR imaging findings of parotid tumors with pathologic diagnostic clues: a pictorial essay. Clin Imaging. 2004;28:93–101.CrossRef

15.

Mamlouk MD, Rosbe KW, Glastonbury CM. Paediatric parotid neoplasms: a 10 year retrospective imaging and pathology review of these rare tumours. Clin Radiol. 2015;70:270–7.CrossRef

16.

Okahara M, Kiyosue H, Hori Y, Matsumoto A, Mori H, Yokoyama S. Parotid tumors: MR imaging with pathological correlation. Eur Radiol. 2003;13 Suppl 4:L25–33.CrossRef

17.

Ong CK, Chong VF. Imaging of perineural spread in head and neck tumours. Cancer Imaging. 2010;10 Spec no A(1A):S92–8.CrossRef

18.

Guo YN, Tian DP, Gong QY, Huang H, Yang P, Chen SB, Billan S, He JY, Huang HH, Xiong P, Lin WT, Guo D, Marom M, Gil Z, Su M. Perineural Invasion is a Better Prognostic Indicator than Lymphovascular Invasion and a Potential Adjuvant Therapy Indicator for pN0M0 Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2020;27:4371–81.CrossRef

19.

Terhaard C, Lubsen H, Tan B, Merkx T, van der Laan B, Baatenburg de Jong R, Manni H, Knegt P. Facial nerve function in carcinoma of the parotid gland. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42:2744–50. Erratum in: Eur J Cancer. 2007;43:1883.CrossRef

20.

Kwak HH, Park HD, Youn KH, Hu KS, Koh KS, Han SH, Kim HJ. Branching patterns of the facial nerve and its communication with the auriculotemporal nerve. Surg Radiol Anat. 2004;26:494–500.CrossRef

21.

Kashiwagi N, Murakami T, Toguchi M, Nakanishi K, Hidaka S, Fukui H, Kimura M, Kitano M, Tomiyama N. Metastases to the parotid nodes: CT and MR imaging findings. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2016;45:20160201.CrossRef

22.

Wang H, et al. High-risk factors of parotid lymph node metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a case-control study. Radiat Oncol. 2016;11:113.CrossRef

23.

Garatea-Crelgo J, Gay-Escoda C, Bermejo B, Buenechea-Imaz R. Morphological study of the parotid lymph nodes. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1993;21:207–9.CrossRef

24.

Zhang MH, Ginat DT. Normative measurements of parotid lymph nodes on CT imaging. Surg Radiol Anat. 2020;42:1109–12.CrossRef

25.

Ikeda K, Katoh T, Ha-Kawa SK, Iwai H, Yamashita T, Tanaka Y. The usefulness of MR in establishing the diagnosis of parotid pleomorphic adenoma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1996;17:555–9.PubMedPubMedCentral

26.

Ishibashi M, Fujii S, Kawamoto K, Nishihara K, Matsusue E, Kodani K, Kaminou T, Ogawa T. Capsule of parotid gland tumor: evaluation by 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging using surface coils. Acta Radiol. 2010;51:1103–10.CrossRef

27.

Pires FR, de Almeida OP, de Araújo VC, Kowalski LP. Prognostic factors in head and neck mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130:174–80.CrossRef

28.

National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Head and Neck Cancers. Version 1.2009.

29.

Wierzbicka M, Kopeć T, Szyfter W, Kereiakes T, Bem G. The presence of facial nerve weakness on diagnosis of a parotid gland malignant process. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;269:1177–82.CrossRef

30.

Brennan PA, Herd MK, Howlett DC, Gibson D, Oeppen RS. Is ultrasound alone sufficient for imaging superficial lobe benign parotid tumours before surgery? Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;50:333–7.CrossRef

31.

Haldar S, Mandalia U, Skelton E, Chow V, Turner SS, Ramesar K, Tighe D, Williams M, Howlett D. Diagnostic investigation of parotid neoplasms: a 16-year experience of freehand fine needle aspiration cytology and ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;44:151–7.CrossRef

32.

Witt BL, Schmidt RL. Ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy of salivary gland lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Laryngoscope. 2014;124:695–700.CrossRef

33.

Liu CC, Jethwa AR, Khariwala SS, Johnson J, Shin JJ. Sensitivity, Specificity, and Posttest Probability of Parotid Fine-Needle Aspiration: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016;154:9–23.CrossRef

34.

Wan YL, Chan SC, Chen YL, Cheung YC, Lui KW, Wong HF, Hsueh C, See LC. Ultrasonography-guided core-needle biopsy of parotid gland masses. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25:1608–12.

35.

Wu EH, Chen YL, Wu YM, Huang YT, Wong HF, Ng SH. CT-guided core needle biopsy of deep suprahyoid head and neck lesions. Korean J Radiol. 2013;14:299–306.CrossRef

36.

Lin CC, Tsai MH, Huang CC, Hua CH, Tseng HC, Huang ST. Parotid tumors: a 10-year experience. Am J Otolaryngol. 2008;29:94–100.CrossRef

37.

DelGaudio JM, Dillard DG, Albritton FD, Hudgins P, Wallace VC, Lewis MM. Computed tomography--guided needle biopsy of head and neck lesions. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000;126:366–70.CrossRef

38.

Sherman PM, Yousem DM, Loevner LA. CT-guided aspirations in the head and neck: assessment of the first 216 cases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25:1603–7.PubMedPubMedCentral

Titel: Navigating the Parotid Glands: Anatomy, Imaging Work-up and Next Steps
verfasst von: Ryan McGeary
Patricia A. Rhyner
Amit B. Desai
Alok A. Bhatt
Publikationsdatum: 21.01.2022
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in: Clinical Neuroradiology / Ausgabe 3/2022
Print ISSN: 1869-1439
Elektronische ISSN: 1869-1447
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00062-021-01108-z

Update Radiologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

Navigating the Parotid Glands: Anatomy, Imaging Work-up and Next Steps

Abstract

Neu im Fachgebiet Radiologie

Mammakarzinom: Brustdichte beeinflusst rezidivfreies Überleben

„Übersichtlicher Wegweiser“: Lauterbachs umstrittener Klinik-Atlas ist online

Klinikreform soll zehntausende Menschenleben retten

Darf man die Behandlung eines Neonazis ablehnen?

Update Radiologie

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2022

Mechanical Thrombectomy in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke and Concomitant Intracranial Hemorrhage

Iterative Metal Artifact Reduction (iMAR) of the Non-adhesive Liquid Embolic Agent Onyx in Computed Tomography

Direct Endovascular Thrombectomy Alone vs. Bridging Thrombolysis for Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke

Comparison of Four International Guidelines on the Utility of Cranial Imaging Before Lumbar Puncture in Adults with Bacterial Meningitis

Efficient Claustrum Segmentation in T2-weighted Neonatal Brain MRI Using Transfer Learning from Adult Scans

Radiation Dose and Fluoroscopy Time of Diagnostic Angiography in Patients with Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula

Neu im Fachgebiet Radiologie

Mammakarzinom: Brustdichte beeinflusst rezidivfreies Überleben

„Übersichtlicher Wegweiser“: Lauterbachs umstrittener Klinik-Atlas ist online

Klinikreform soll zehntausende Menschenleben retten

Darf man die Behandlung eines Neonazis ablehnen?

Update Radiologie