Background
Methods
Animal handling
Data acquisition
Phantom measurements
Self-navigation
Off-resonance correction
Rigid motion correction
Image processing and segmentation
Calculation of WSS and OSI
Results
Phantom measurements
Stability of self-navigation
Animal | rrmin-rrmax [ms] | \( \overline{\sigma} \) [ms] | N |
---|---|---|---|
Mouse 1
| 99–147 | 3.3 | 15,120 |
Mouse 2
| 93–129 | 3.4 | 15,680 |
Mouse 3
| 84–123 | 4.3 | 15,261 |
Mouse 4
| 96–141 | 2.7 | 13,328 |
Mouse 5
| 87–123 | 3.4 | 13,896 |
Mouse 6
| 99–135 | 4.2 | 13,057 |
Mouse 7
| 99–138 | 4.3 | 12,851 |
Off-resonance correction
Flow and cross-sectional areas
Region | peak CSA [mm2] | CSAmax-CSAmin [mm2] | peak flow [ml/s] | net flow [ml/s] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ascending aorta
| ||||
1 | 1.96 ± 0.30 | 0.49 ± 0.08 | 0.88 ± 0.11 | 4.09 ± 0.77 |
2 | 2.00 ± 0.24 | 0.51 ± 0.07 | 0.90 ± 0.11 | 4.22 ± 0.66 |
3 | 2.06 ± 0.20 | 0.56 ± 0.06 | 0.90 ± 0.10 | 4.20 ± 0.58 |
4 | 2.08 ± 0.14 | 0.55 ± 0.04 | 0.87 ± 0.10 | 4.06 ± 0.45 |
5 | 2.10 ± 0.11 | 0.53 ± 0.05 | 0.83 ± 0.09 | 4.01 ± 0.36 |
6 | 2.14 ± 0.10 | 0.52 ± 0.09 | 0.80 ± 0.09 | 3.92 ± 0.41 |
Bifurcation area
| ||||
7 | 1.60 ± 0.19 | 0.32 ± 0.05 | 0.58 ± 0.06 | 2.83 ± 0.35 |
8 | 1.23 ± 0.10 | 0.33 ± 0.05 | 0.54 ± 0.03 | 2.37 ± 0.22 |
Descending aorta
| ||||
9 | 1.16 ± 0.07 | 0.30 ± 0.05 | 0.49 ± 0.02 | 1.91 ± 0.16 |
10 | 1.18 ± 0.07 | 0.32 ± 0.07 | 0.47 ± 0.03 | 1.80 ± 0.18 |
11 | 1.23 ± 0.06 | 0.37 ± 0.09 | 0.48 ± 0.02 | 1.78 ± 0.16 |
12 | 1.28 ± 0.11 | 0.36 ± 0.14 | 0.47 ± 0.01 | 1.75 ± 0.13 |
13 | 1.28 ± 0.10 | 0.34 ± 0.10 | 0.48 ± 0.03 | 1.76 ± 0.12 |
14 | 1.30 ± 0.16 | 0.31 ± 0.08 | 0.50 ± 0.07 | 1.84 ± 0.18 |
Temporally averaged WSS
Region | long. WSS [N/m2] | circ. WSS [N/m2] | rad. Stress [N/m2] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ascending aorta | mean | median | mean | median | mean | median |
1 | 1.44 ± 0.21 | 1.40 ± 0.23 | 0.28 ± 0.11 | 0.28 ± 0.11 | − 0.35 ± 0.25 | − 0.33 ± 0.22 |
2 | 1.54 ± 0.15 | 1.54 ± 0.17 | 0.37 ± 0.11 | 0.35 ± 0.14 | − 0.40 ± 0.22 | − 0.35 ± 0.24 |
3 | 1.60 ± 0.15 | 1.70 ± 0.22 | 0.45 ± 0.12 | 0.40 ± 0.08 | − 0.43 ± 0.21 | − 0.36 ± 0.24 |
4 | 1.61 ± 0.17 | 1.73 ± 0.26 | 0.54 ± 0.10 | 0.52 ± 0.11 |
− 0.51 ± 0.20
|
− 0.48 ± 0.36
|
5 | 1.65 ± 0.21 | 1.82 ± 0.32 |
0.59 ± 0.13
|
0.58 ± 0.19
| − 0.50 ± 0.21 | − 0.48 ± 0.23 |
6 | 1.65 ± 0.15 | 1.83 ± 0.21 | 0.55 ± 0.17 | 0.55 ± 0.22 | − 0.46 ± 0.12 | − 0.39 ± 0.15 |
Bifurcation. area | mean | median | mean | median | mean | median |
7 | 1.67 ± 0.16 | 1.86 ± 0.12 | 0.51 ± 0.23 | 0.52 ± 0.18 | − 0.46 ± 0.25 | − 0.36 ± 0.31 |
8 |
1.85 ± 0.17
|
1.87 ± 0.18
| 0.44 ± 0.19 | 0.45 ± 0.18 | 0.02 ± 0.14 | 0.02 ± 0.20 |
Descending aorta | mean | median | mean | median | mean | median |
9 | 1.60 ± 0.24 | 1.55 ± 0.26 |
0.15 ± 0.15
|
0.21 ± 0.19
| −0.23 ± 0.17 |
0.04 ± 0.20
|
10 | 1.36 ± 0.24 | 1.34 ± 0.29 |
0.03 ± 0.19
|
0.07 ± 0.21
| 0.33 ± 0.16 | −0.03 ± 0.7 |
11 | 1.18 ± 0.23 | 1.18 ± 0.26 |
−0.01 ± 0.20
|
0.02 ± 0.22
| −0.06 ± 0.18 | −0.03 ± 0.15 |
12 | 1.11 ± 0.18 | 1.13 ± 0.21 |
−0.03 ± 0.16
|
−0.03 ± 0.15
| −0.17 ± 0.15 | −0.08 ± 0.15 |
13 | 1.05 ± 0.19 | 1.15 ± 0.18 |
−0.02 ± 0.10
|
−0.03 ± 0.10
| −0.15 ± 0.16 | −0.02 ± 0.23 |
14 | 1.11 ± 0.22 | 1.19 ± 0.15 |
−0.02 ± 0.06
|
−0.02 ± 0.10
| −0.18 ± 0.10 | −0.12 ± 0.20 |
Time resolved WSS and OSI
Region | peak long. WSS [N/m2] | peak circ. WSS [N/m2] | peak rad. Stress [N/m2] | OSI [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ascending aorta | ||||
1 | 6.0 ± 1.1 | 1.13 ± 0.47 | −2.2 ± 1.1 | 5.8 ± 3.1 |
2 | 6.59 ± 0.93 | 1.39 ± 0.49 | −2.6 ± 1.2 | 4.9 ± 2.6 |
3 | 6.87 ± 0.83 | 1.71 ± 0.48 | −2.8 ± 1.2 | 5.0 ± 2.5 |
4 | 6.90 ± 0.66 | 2.08 ± 0.47 | − 3.20 ± 0.92 | 4.6 ± 1.7 |
5 | 6.82 ± 0.68 | 2.01 ± 0.60 |
− 3.54 ± 0.96
| 4.5 ± 1.2 |
6 | 6.91 ± 0.71 | 2.01 ± 0.57 | −3.3 ± 1.0 | 4.2 ± 0.83 |
Bifurcation area | ||||
7 | 7.93 ± 0.71 |
2.38 ± 0.49
| −2.8 ± 1.0 | 5.5 ± 2.6 |
8 |
8.62 ± 0.61
| 2.10 ± 0.76 | −0.85 ± 0.30 | 7.2 ± 1.8 |
Descending aorta | ||||
9 | 8.18 ± 0.81 | 1.36 ± 0.61 | − 1.87 ± 0.80 | 8.9 ± 3.3 |
10 | 7.95 ± 0.75 | 1.00 ± 0.73 | − 1.11 ± 0.68 | 10.2 ± 4.0 |
11 | 7.66 ± 0.58 | 0.80 ± 0.46 | − 1.40 ± 0.63 | 10.2 ± 2.9 |
12 | 7.20 ± 0.45 | 0.63 ± 0.38 | − 1.40 ± 0.22 | 11.3 ± 3.1 |
13 | 7.09 ± 0.78 | 0.78 ± 0.26 | − 1.24 ± 0.41 | 12.0 ± 2.9 |
14 | 7.1 ± 1.5 | 0.79 ± 0.40 | − 1.17 ± 0.72 | 12.3 ± 2.8 |
Reproducibility
Mouse | 1 | 2 | 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Longitudinal WSS
| |||
Correlation r2 | 0.73 | 0.84 | 0.82 |
Bias [N/m2] | 0.004 | 0.27 | 0.38 |
1.96· STD [N/m2] | 0.807 | 0.65 | 0.53 |
Circumferential WSS
| |||
Correlation r2 | 0.63 | 0.74 | 0.66 |
Bias [N/m2] | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
1.96· STD [N/m2] | 0.43 | 0.65 | 0.50 |
Radial Stress
| |||
Correlation r2 | 0.60 | 0.29 | 0.37 |
Bias [N/m2] | −0.11 | 0.21 | −0.006 |
1.96· STD [N/m2] | 0.82 | 0.65 | 1.38 |
OSI
| |||
Correlation r2 | 0.72 | 0.22 | 0.15 |
Bias | −0.02 | −0.04 | −0.02 |
1.96· STD | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.10 |
Subsampling
Region | Longitudinal WSS [N/m2] | Circumferential WSS [N/m2] | Radial stress [N/m2] | OSI [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ascending aorta
| ||||
inner radius | 0.45 ± 0.15 | 0.15 ± 0.11 | 0.14 ± 0.10 | 27.05 ± 1.89 |
outer radius | 2.48 ± 0.09 | 0.51 ± 0.03 | −1.13 ± 0.19 | 5.74 ± 0.90 |
anterior radius | 1.01 ± 0.04 | 0.24 ± 0.06 | −0.63 ± 0.14 | 5.22 ± 4.09 |
posterior radius | 1.97 ± 0.08 | 0.19 ± 0.09 | 0.12 ± 0.09 | 7.92 ± 4.39 |
Bifurcation area
| ||||
inner radius | 1.26 ± 0.07 | 0.05 ± 0.04 | −0.55 ± 0.10 | 10.38 ± 4.32 |
outer radius | 2.31 ± 0.14 | 0.94 ± 0.15 | −0.97 ± 0.23 | 7.44 ± 2.48 |
anterior radius | 2.32 ± 0.08 | 0.52 ± 0.12 | −0.73 ± 0.10 | 3.41 ± 2, 97 |
posterior radius | 1.39 ± 0.11 | 0.21 ± 0.06 | 1.17 ± 0.29 | 10.89 ± 6.69 |
Descending aorta
| ||||
inner radius | 0.47 ± 0.06 | −0.15 ± 0.05 | 0.43 ± 0.04 | 26.07 ± 2.83 |
outer radius | 1.50 ± 0.07 | −0.17 ± 0.06 | −0.93 ± 0.09 | 8.35 ± 1.62 |
anterior radius | 1.50 ± 0.07 | −0.21 ± 0.05 | −0.30 ± 0.05 | 16.05 ± 2.00 |
posterior radius | 1.11 ± 0.02 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.05 | 13.35 ± 4.97 |