Introduction
MRI of fetal craniofacial features
3D processing tools for fetal MRI
3D printing for fetal imaging
Contributions
Methods
Cohort, acquisition and pre-processing
MRI acquisition parameters
Datasets
Training and validation dataset
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48 datasets acquired on 1.5 T Philips Ingenia MRI system using 28-channel torso coil with TE = 80 ms and TE = 180 ms, acquisition resolution 1.25 × 1.25 mm, slice thickness 2.5 mm, -1.25 mm gap and 9–11 stacks;
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50 datasets acquired on 3 T Philips Achieva MRI system using a 32-channel cardiac coil with TE = 180 ms, acquisition resolution 1.25 × 1.25 mm, slice thickness 2.5, -1.5 mm gap and 5–6 stacks;
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5 datasets acquired on 3 T Philips Achieva MRI system with a 32-channel cardiac coil using a dedicated dHCP fetal acquisition protocol with TE = 250 ms, acquisition resolution 1.1 × 1.1 mm, slice thickness 2.2 mm, -1.1 mm gap and 6 stacks;
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3 datasets acquired on 1.5 T Siemens Sola MRI system using 28-channel torso coil with TE = 180 ms, acquisition resolution 1.25 × 1.25 mm, slice thickness 3 mm and 9–11 stacks.
Test dataset for qualitative assessment of network outputs
Test dataset for 3D printed models
3D SVR head reconstruction
Qualitative evaluation of detailed craniofacial features in 3D MRI SVR
Automated 3D craniofacial surface extraction pipeline
3D segmentation network
3D surface based refinement
Qualitative evaluation of fetal craniofacial surface extraction pipeline
Global quality assessment
Qualitative limitations assessment
Feature visualisation comparison
3D printing of fetal craniofacial features
Parameter | Value |
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Printer model/manufacturer | Flsun3D QQ-s, (Zhengzhou, Henan, China) |
Printing process | Fused Deposition Modelling, FDM |
Filament type | Polylactic Acid Plus, PLA+ |
Nozzle size | 0.4 mm |
Printer resolution | 0.2 mm |
Layer height | 0.2 mm |
Wall thickness | 0.8 mm |
Infill density | 5% |
Print speed | 60 mm/s |
Printing temperature | 215 degrees |
Built plate temperature | 60 degrees |
Price range (materials only per case) | 0.3–2.1 GBP |
Time to print (per case) | 1–6 h |
3D population-averaged fetal head MRI atlas
Results
Qualitative evaluation of anatomical craniofacial features in 3D MRI SVR
Evaluation of 3D craniofacial surface extraction pipeline
Method | Dice | Recall | Precision |
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3D Att UNet | 0.970 ± 0.001 | 0.973 ± 0.012 | 0.967 ± 0.014 |