Theoretical background
Methods
Sample and procedure
Instruments
Statistical analysis
Results
Differences in mental health profiles during the COVID-19 pandemic (T2)
1. Positive CSCa | 2. No CSCb | 3. Negative CSCc | ANOVA | Contrast 1 (1 + 2) vs. 3 | Contrast 2 1 vs. 3 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | F | η2 | F | F | |
Age | 14.39 (1.34) | 15.29 (1.68) | 16.58 (0.90) | 7.28** | 0.13 | 4.76 | 9.80** |
Sexd | 9 boys; 9 girls | 31 boys; 32 girls | 2 boys; 10 girls | 4.67 | 0.10 | 3.29 | 2.16 |
Sleep-related variables | |||||||
Sleep disturbances | 42.33 (9.58) | 44.08 (9.11) | 56.75 (11.76) | 9.97*** | 0.18 | 0.47 | 19.50*** |
Insomniad | 13 without; 5 with | 45 without; 17 with | 5 without; 7 with | 4.60 | 0.22 | 3.03 | 1.67 |
Pre-sleep arousal | 23.06 (6.92) | 25.68 (10.99) | 38.00 (11.47) | 8.48*** | 0.16 | 0.89 | 16.07*** |
Daytime sleepiness | 11.78 (3.32) | 12.73 (3.70) | 15.00 (3.69) | 2.93 | 0.06 | 0.95 | 4.91* |
Sleep quality | 2.38 (0.63) | 2.50 (0.59) | 2.89 (0.42) | 3.03 | 0.06 | 0.53 | 5.53* |
Sleep onset latency | 23.45 (16.21) | 21.69 (12.81) | 33.50 (22.14) | 3.14* | 0.08 | 0.19 | 6.09* |
Sleep duration | 469.48 (47.55) | 469.84 (69.46) | 440.70 (68.78) | 1.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 2.07 |
Sleep efficiency | 84.98 (9.44) | 86.95 (8.87) | 80.62 (7.59) | 2.66 | 0.05 | 0.70 | 4.62* |
Stress-related variables | |||||||
Stress level | 44.39 (13.17) | 52.92 (17.07) | 62.92 (16.63) | 4.47* | 0.09 | 3.46 | 5.48* |
COVID-19 related distress | 1.67 (0.91) | 2.45 (1.00) | 2.58 (0.79) | 5.19** | 0.11 | 8.60** | 1.00 |
Mental health | |||||||
Internalizing symptoms | 13.89 (10.11) | 13.65 (10.10) | 19.42 (9.63) | 1.69 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 3.38 |
Externalizing symptoms | 8.77 (6.23) | 8.51 (5.90) | 10.42 (5.92) | 0.52 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 1.00 |
Health-related quality of life | 90.44 (12.51) | 85.95 (12.26) | 78.50 (10.66) | 3.50* | 0.07 | 1.97 | 5.07* |
Resources | |||||||
Social resources | 75.22 (15.57) | 72.47 (10.89) | 69.00 (10.52) | 0.99 | 0.02 | 0.75 | 1.23 |
Personal resources | 108.94 (12.82) | 100.68 (10.63) | 97.00 (12.57) | 4.96** | 0.09 | 7.43** | 2.49 |
Sleep-related self-efficacy | 824.12 (191.64) | 848.16 (184.08) | 668.17 (235.73) | 4.39* | 0.09 | 0.22 | 8.57** |