Introduction
Materials and methods
Study population
CMR protocol
CMR postprocessing analysis
Feature tracking analysis
Statistical analysis
Results
People with Overweight to Obesity without established Cardiovascular Disease | Healthy Normal-Weight Controls | Student's t-test p value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Baseline | After Diet | Baseline vs Controls | After Diet vs Controls | |
N (men/women) | 90 (16/74) | 34 (19/15) | |||
Age, yrs | 44.6 ± 9.3 | 40.8 ± 16.0 | 0.2317 | 0.1685 | |
Height, m | 1.67 ± 0.08 | 1.74 ± 0.08 | |||
Body weight, kg | 90.8 ± 15.9 | 84.9 ± 15.6 | 68.1 ± 8.5 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 32.6 ± 4 | 30.4 ± 4.2 | 22.5 ± 1.4 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 124 ± 12.3 | 117.8 ± 13.6 | 128.4 ± 15.1 | 0.1197 | 0.0005 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 72.6 ± 7.5 | 68.8 ± 8.1 | 71.7 ± 12 | 0.6469 | 0.1333 |
Heart rate, beats/min | 67.9 ± 9.1 | 63.4 ± 7.8 | 72.7 ± 11 | 0.0141 | < 0.0001 |
LVEF,% | 66 ± 6 | 65.4 ± 5.7 | 64.3 ± 4.1 | 0.0788 | 0.2570 |
LVEDV, ml | 148.8 ± 28.2 | 147.1 ± 28.4 | 139.1 ± 27.4 | 0.0940 | 0.1719 |
Indexed LVEDV, ml/m | 89 ± 13.5 | 87.8 ± 13.6 | 80 ± 14.3 | 0.0018 | 0.0069 |
LVSV, ml | 97.9 ± 18.2 | 96 ± 19.5 | 89.3 ± 17.5 | 0.0222 | 0.0871 |
Indexed LVSV, ml/m | 58.5 ± 8.8 | 57.3 ± 9.7 | 51.3 ± 9.2 | 0.0001 | 0.0030 |
LV mass, g | 115.4 ± 27.1 | 103.7 ± 24 | 99 ± 14.2 | < 0.0001 | 0.1961 |
Indexed LV mass, g/m | 68.9 ± 13.7 | 61.8 ± 12 | 56.9 ± 7 | < 0.0001 | 0.0085 |
LV mass/EDV, g/ml | 0.77 ± 0.12 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.73 ± 0.15 | 0.1036 | 0.3426 |
GCS, % | −20.1 ± 2 | −19.5 ± 2 | −17.8 ± 1.7 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
GRS, % | 36.3 ± 6.1 | 34.2 ± 5.8 | 29.6 ± 4.5 | < 0.0001 | 0.0001 |
GLS, % | −17.2 ± 1.8 | −16.8 ± 1.9 | −16.8 ± 1.8 | 0.2183 | 0.9290 |
LAEF, % | 63.7 ± 5.6 | 63.8 ± 5.3 | 63.2 ± 7.2 | 0.7088 | 0.6812 |
LAEDV, ml | 73.9 ± 17.5 | 68.2 ± 16.1 | 57.1 ± 11 | < 0.0001 | 0.0006 |
Indexed LAEDV, ml/m | 44.2 ± 9.6 | 40.7 ± 8.7 | 33 ± 6.4 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
LV strain
Variable | Low-Carbohydrate | Student's t-test for paired samples p value | Low-Fat | Student's t-test for paired samples p value | 2-Way ANOVA Diet × Time Interaction p value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | After Diet | Baseline | After Diet | ||||
N (men/women) | 41 (6/35) | 49 (10/39) | |||||
Body weight, kg | 90.5 ± 14.5 | 84.4 ± 14.1 | < 0.0001 | 91.1 ± 17 | 85.3 ± 17 | < 0.0001 | 0.787 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 32.5 ± 4.1 | 30.3 ± 4.4 | < 0.0001 | 32.7 ± 3.9 | 30.5 ± 4 | < 0.0001 | 0.998 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 120.9 ± 12.3 | 115.5 ± 12.5 | 0.0153 | 126.7 ± 11.9 | 119.8 ± 14.2 | 0.0001 | 0.549 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 71.3 ± 7.5 | 67 ± 8 | 0.0018 | 73.7 ± 7.5 | 70.3 ± 7.9 | 0.0003 | 0.555 |
Heart rate, beats/min | 70.3 ± 11.1 | 64.7 ± 7.8 | 0.0002 | 65.8 ± 6.4 | 62.3 ± 7.6 | 0.0004 | 0.191 |
LVEF, % | 66.7 ± 5.9 | 65.6 ± 6 | 0.1733 | 65.5 ± 6 | 65.3 ± 5.5 | 0.7441 | 0.414 |
LVEDV, ml | 149.4 ± 26 | 147.4 ± 29.9 | 0.2739 | 148.4 ± 30.2 | 146.8 ± 27.3 | 0.3737 | 0.893 |
Indexed LVEDV, ml/m | 89.3 ± 13 | 88 ± 15 | 0.2074 | 88.7 ± 14.1 | 87.6 ± 12.5 | 0.3044 | 0.872 |
LVSV, ml | 98.9 ± 15.3 | 96.5 ± 21.3 | 0.2401 | 97 ± 20.4 | 95.6 ± 18.1 | 0.4851 | 0.719 |
Indexed LVSV, ml/m | 59.2 ± 7.7 | 57.6 ± 11.1 | 0.1899 | 57.9 ± 9.6 | 57 ± 8.5 | 0.4452 | 0.684 |
LV mass, g | 115.5 ± 27.1 | 102.6 ± 23.4 | < 0.0001 | 115.3 ± 27.3 | 104.6 ± 24.6 | < 0.0001 | 0.252 |
Indexed LV mass, g/m | 69 ± 14.5 | 61.1 ± 12.3 | < 0.0001 | 68.8 ± 13.2 | 62.3 ± 11.8 | < 0.0001 | 0.256 |
LV mass/EDV, g/ml | 0.77 ± 0.14 | 0.7 ± 0.11 | < 0.0001 | 0.78 ± 0.11 | 0.71 ± 0.09 | < 0.0001 | 0.623 |
GCS, % | −20.2 ± 2.4 | −19.5 ± 2.1 | 0.0031 | −20.1 ± 1.6 | −19.5 ± 2 | 0.0024 | 0.555 |
GRS, % | 36.7 ± 7.2 | 34.2 ± 6 | 0.0012 | 36 ± 5.1 | 34.2 ± 5.7 | 0.0016 | 0.395 |
GLS, % | −17.3 ± 1.9 | −16.9 ± 1.7 | 0.1651 | −17.1 ± 1.7 | −16.7 ± 2 | 0.0987 | 0.962 |
LAEF, % | 63.5 ± 5.5 | 63.5 ± 5.4 | 0.8483 | 63.9 ± 5.7 | 64.1 ± 5.2 | 0.7993 | 0.754 |
LAEDV, ml | 75.3 ± 18.9 | 71.1 ± 18.3 | 0.001 | 72.7 ± 16.3 | 65.8 ± 13.8 | < 0.0001 | 0.166 |
Indexed LAEDV, ml/m | 45.1 ± 10.9 | 42.5 ± 10.3 | 0.001 | 43.5 ± 8.4 | 39.3 ± 6.9 | < 0.0001 | 0.171 |
LA size
LV mass and volumes
Sex-related differences
Intra- and inter-observer reproducibility for LV strain
Variable | Intra-observer | Inter-observer |
---|---|---|
ICC (95% CI) | ||
GCS | 0.972 (0.894 - 0.993) | 0.973 (0.896 - 0.993) |
Basal CS | 0.922 (0.674 - 0.981) | 0.977 (0.887 - 0.994) |
Mid CS | 0.926 (0.721 - 0.981) | 0.958 (0.828 - 0.99) |
Apical CS | 0.855 (0.441 - 0.964) | 0.797 (0.202 - 0.949) |
GRS | 0.973 (0.892 - 0.993) | 0.971 (0.892 - 0.993) |
Basal RS | 0.912 (0.669 - 0.978) | 0.972 (0.876 - 0.993) |
Mid RS | 0.923 (0.707 - 0.98) | 0.954 (0.814 - 0.989) |
Apical RS | 0.826 (0.276 - 0.957) | 0.828 (0.335 - 0.957) |
GLS | 0.880 (0.549 - 0.97) | 0.902 (0.593 - 0.976) |